Friday, February 8, 2013

Implants make light work of fixing broken bones

Feb. 8, 2013 ? Artificial bone, created using stem cells and a new lightweight plastic, could soon be used to heal shattered limbs.

The use of bone stem cells combined with a degradable rigid material that inserts into broken bones and encourages real bone to re-grow has been developed at the Universities of Edinburgh and Southampton.

Researchers have developed the material with a honeycomb scaffold structure that allows blood to flow through it, enabling stem cells from the patient's bone marrow to attach to the material and grow new bone. Over time, the plastic slowly degrades as the implant is replaced by newly grown bone.

Scientists developed the material by blending three types of plastics. They used a pioneering technique to blend and test hundreds of combinations of plastics, to identify a blend that was robust, lightweight, and able to support bone stem cells. Successful results have been shown in the lab and in animal testing with the focus now moving towards human clinical evaluation.

This new discovery is the result of a seven-year partnership between the University of Southampton and the University of Edinburgh.

Richard Oreffo, Professor of Musculoskeletal Science at the University of Southampton, comments: "Fractures and bone loss due to trauma or disease are a significant clinical and socioeconomic problem. This collaboration between chemistry and medicine has identified unique candidate materials that support human bone stem cell growth and allow bone formation. Our collaborative strategy offers significant therapeutic implications."

Professor Mark Bradley, of the University of Edinburgh's School of Chemistry, adds: "We were able to make and look at a hundreds of candidate materials and rapidly whittle these down to one which is strong enough to replace bone and is also a suitable surface upon which to grow new bone.

"We are confident that this material could soon be helping to improve the quality of life for patients with severe bone injuries, and will help maintain the health of an aging population."

The study, published in the journal Advanced Functional Materials, was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Southampton.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Ferdous Khan, James O. Smith, Janos M. Kanczler, Rahul. S. Tare, Richard O.C. Oreffo, Mark Bradley. Discovery and Evaluation of a Functional Ternary Polymer Blend for Bone Repair: Translation from a Microarray to a Clinical Model. Advanced Functional Materials, 2013; DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201202710

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_technology/~3/IbJHdRu8TC4/130208105857.htm

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Soothe Your Achey Joints by Sticking Each Limb Into Its Own Tiny, Electrified Bathtub

What looks like some horrific, early 20th century polygraph test come torture chamber was, in fact, a gentle medical solution to a common, achey problem. More »


Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/gizmodo/full/~3/vsR6kijkW50/soothe-your-achey-joints-by-sticking-each-limb-into-its-own-tiny-electrified-bathtub

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Syrian soldiers dance to Usher in online video

This image taken from video obtained from Ugarit News on Thursday, Feb. 7, 2013, which has been authenticated based on its contents and other AP reporting, purports to show Syrian soldiers dancing to Usher's hit song "Yeah!" The video posted online purportedly shows Syrian soldiers taking a break from the country's civil war by bouncing around to the American R&B star's hit song. In the clip uploaded to YouTube, a group of soldiers dressed in camouflage combat gear _ some carrying automatic rifles, others with rocket-propelled grenades poking out of their flak jackets _bob and sway to the music (AP Photo/Ugarit News via AP video)

This image taken from video obtained from Ugarit News on Thursday, Feb. 7, 2013, which has been authenticated based on its contents and other AP reporting, purports to show Syrian soldiers dancing to Usher's hit song "Yeah!" The video posted online purportedly shows Syrian soldiers taking a break from the country's civil war by bouncing around to the American R&B star's hit song. In the clip uploaded to YouTube, a group of soldiers dressed in camouflage combat gear _ some carrying automatic rifles, others with rocket-propelled grenades poking out of their flak jackets _bob and sway to the music (AP Photo/Ugarit News via AP video)

This image taken from video obtained from Ugarit News on Thursday, Feb. 7, 2013, which has been authenticated based on its contents and other AP reporting, purports to show Syrian soldiers dancing to Usher's hit song "Yeah!" The video posted online purportedly shows Syrian soldiers taking a break from the country's civil war by bouncing around to the American R&B star's hit song. In the clip uploaded to YouTube, a group of soldiers dressed in camouflage combat gear _ some carrying automatic rifles, others with rocket-propelled grenades poking out of their flak jackets _bob and sway to the music (AP Photo/Ugarit News via AP video)

This image taken from video obtained from Ugarit News on Thursday, Feb. 7, 2013, which has been authenticated based on its contents and other AP reporting, purports to show Syrian soldiers dancing to Usher's hit song "Yeah!" The video posted online purportedly shows Syrian soldiers taking a break from the country's civil war by bouncing around to the American R&B star's hit song. In the clip uploaded to YouTube, a group of soldiers dressed in camouflage combat gear _ some carrying automatic rifles, others with rocket-propelled grenades poking out of their flak jackets _bob and sway to the music (AP Photo/Ugarit News via AP video)

(AP) ? A video posted online purportedly shows Syrian soldiers taking a break from the country's civil war by bopping around to American R&B star Usher's hit song "Yeah!"

The soldiers dressed in camouflage combat gear ? some armed with automatic rifles or rocket-propelled grenades poking out of their flak jackets ? form a conga line and shimmy past the camera grinning.

http://apne.ws/WDK5oD

Near the end of the video, they stop dancing and break into their version of an oft-heard battle chant in the Middle East: "With our souls, our blood, we sacrifice for you Bashar!" as black smoke billows from a building in the background. In a jarring finale, they shoot bursts of automatic gunfire in the air.

The video, which was allegedly filmed in southern Syria, appeared to be authentic and the uniforms consistent with those worn by Syrian soldiers. It appeared on both pro-regime social networking sites and anti-regime YouTube channels, as is normal for such material.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/cae69a7523db45408eeb2b3a98c0c9c5/Article_2013-02-07-Syria-Dancing%20Soldiers/id-b2c2a2f51d6b4a67ba55508cc4f1ff6e

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Thursday, February 7, 2013

Culture Beaker: In Hollywood, buzz beats star power when it comes to predicting box office take

By Rachel Ehrenberg

Web edition: February 7, 2013

Movie studios love awards season. Winning one of the glittery statuettes that are annually bestowed upon those in the biz can provide a hefty box office boost. But if you are going to put money on which movies will sell the most tickets in the long run, accolades from critics and peers aren?t a very good crystal ball. When it comes to predicting box office success, it turns out that the little people really do matter.

Hollywood?s conventional wisdom says a picture?s success depends on intrinsic qualities like a big-name star, a struggling-hero narrative or great special effects. But if you?re trying to predict whether a film will be a blockbuster???and predict it early in the game???those sorts of things can lead you astray, says Richard Colbaugh of Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque.

?As fun as it is to look at George Clooney, that?s not very predictive,? Colbaugh says.

A second common misperception that studios have???and one that?s pervasive in marketing consumer goods???is that influential people will, well, influence things. By that thinking, if a studio wants a movie to be a roaring success it should try to get Oprah to sing the film?s praises.

Now, Oprah may like a lot of successful films, and George Clooney may have been in some of them. But using such metrics to predict whether a movie will be a blockbuster doesn?t work, Colbaugh and his Sandia colleague Kristin Glass discovered.

The researchers started by considering more than 300 films that came out in 2010. They gathered data from Google Trends on how many times a particular film was searched for in the month before a movie was released. They also looked at the Wikipedia entries for each film (many of which are created well before a movie comes out) and how many different people were looking at and editing each film?s page. Then they fed a computer program all these data, along with the factors typically linked to success, such as the starring actors or the producer.

This unconventional approach revealed that predicting box office success is all about early buzz. The number of people looking for information about a movie???regardless of whether the commentary was positive or negative???and the geographic distribution of that activity was most predictive of box office dominance. ?Getting buzz going is more important than genre, than narrative arc, than the producer and George Clooney,? Colbaugh says. ?There?s a snowball effect. A little advantage in the very early days gets magnified and amplified and then you?re golden.?

But the buzz doesn?t help much if it?s only in Los Angeles or New York. Also important is where the buzz is distributed. If people are googling a film in Manhattan, N.Y., and Manhattan, Kan., as well as Dallas, Seattle and elsewhere, it is a much better predictor of success than a high volume of chatter concentrated in only a few places.

Zooming in on the distribution of early buzz allowed the researchers to predict whether a film was going to be a financial success or a flop a month before the film even came out, they reported in December at the winter simulation conference in Berlin.

Tapping into early buzz also allowed Colbaugh and his colleagues to predict future success in another famously unpredictable sector of the entertainment business. In 2006 Duncan Watts, a network theory scientist who now works at Yahoo!, and his colleagues published a Science paper describing experiments that illustrated the capriciousness of pop music success.

The researchers recruited more than 14,000 people to participate in an artificial music market: When presented with a list of 48 songs by unknown bands, each chose songs to listen to, rated them and was given the option of downloading the songs. Some of the participants were shown only the name of the song and the band. Others were subjected to the experiment?s equivalent of buzz: They could see how many times the song had been downloaded by others in their particular group.

In the initial experiments, including download data made it much harder to predict the success of a song. But when Colbaugh and his colleagues later applied their distributed buzz approach to the music market data, they succeeded in predicting success. Songs that were downloaded a lot early on ended up dominating in those study groups where participants could see what had been downloaded.

Movie studios typically reserve part of a film?s marketing budget for spending after the picture?s release, says Colbaugh. This money is often spent campaigning for awards. But seeding chatter in widely distributed cities might better serve the bottom line, he says.

So on Oscar night, when Hollywood?s most bankable stars are thanking each other and their mothers for their success, maybe it wouldn?t be so inappropriate for them to take a moment and thank the real source of their good fortune???the little people.

Source: http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/348172/title/In_Hollywood_buzz_beats_star_power_when_it_comes_to_predicting_box_office_take

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Wednesday, February 6, 2013

10 Amazing Jobs You Could Land With the Right STEM Education

When you think of someone who codes, you might picture a person hunched over a laptop in a dark garage. But that was the stereotype of yesteryear. Today, STEM careers have taken on a wildly different perception, and some of the coolest jobs around require a background in science, technology, engineering and math. After all, someone had to build and program all of the apps and gadgets you can't live without, right?

Below, we highlight 10 cool STEM jobs you should be jealous of. (And soon you could be an asteroid hunter!) Know someone else with a sweet science or tech gig? Let us know in the comments.

1. Music Data Journalist

Liv Buli is the resident data journalist with upstart music analytics company Next Big Sound, where she creates a narrative around music and artist data. She helps to educate music industry professionals on the value of data, and she's helping these professionals understand how to apply technology in what has traditionally been "a strictly creative industry," explains Buli.

Part of her job is to write content for the Next Big Sound (NBS) blog, some of which is syndicated to Hypebot, MTV's O music awards blog, Billboard.biz and Sidewinder. She trolls through data to search for general trends in the industry, writes about buzzworthy events, festivals and appearances from the data perspective or she'll feature artists whose numbers are on the rise.

NBS syndicates the two charts to Billboard Magazine ? the Social 50 chart, which ranks the biggest artists across the Internet, and the Next Big Sound chart, which tracks the fastest accelerating artists online. Buli curates the NBS chart to ensure the data is accurate. As a music fan, she finds this task exciting, since big name artists likes Alabama Shakes, Gary Clark Jr and the The Lumineers have all appeared on this chart long before their big break, and Buli is then privy to great new music before it goes mainstream.

Buli spends a lot of time in Excel and is learning to use mySQL and to query in R. In addition to the technical software, a music data journalist needs to have a basic understanding of the do's and don't's of chart and graph design, in addition to being very familiar with current events in the music industry. "My background is in journalism, so I often feel like writing is the easy part," says Buli.

"I am constantly challenged and feel as though I am part of something groundbreaking," she says.

"I am constantly challenged and feel as though I am part of something groundbreaking," she says. "I get to serve on A&R committees and speak on panels about what we are doing, and basically learn something new every day."

2. NASA Curiosity Driver

Who doesn't love Curiosity? The Mars rover touched down on the Red Planet in August and has beamed back photos, news of the weather, checked in on Foursquare and scored a nomination to be Time's Person of the Year. While we're all in the awe of this amazing robot, you might not realize that there is a human at the helm, navigating Curiosity over Martian terrain. One of the drivers is Vandi Tompkins (shown above with Curiosity's Earth twin), and she has one of the coolest jobs on (and beyond) earth. She holds a Ph.D. in Robotics, M.S. in Robotics, M.S. in Computer Science and a B.S. in Electrical Engineering, and spends her days "problem-solving with an incredible team." Interested in hearing about her day-to-day? Check her out on Twitter.

3. 3M Staff Scientist

Staff scientists at 3M tend to be one of two things. There are R&D types, who are extremely knowledgable in a particular field (such as organic chemistry or optical physics), and there are people on the inventor/developer side. Ray Johnston is the latter, and he invented 3M's LED Advanced Lighting, 3M's first-ever consumer bulb, which boasts a 25-year lifespan.

"I get to work with all these people to examine a basic question, an idea that I might have for a product or a product platform," says Johnston, who was trained as a chemical engineer and holds numerous patents. "It doesnt make a lot of sense that I'd be the inventor of a lightbulb, but that's the beauty of a science and engineering background ... I like to say that I get paid to play." The LED bulb was a germ of an idea in 2009, and he bounced it off several people, received encouragement and advice, and brought the bulb to market in 2012.

To do their job, Johnston and the other 100 or so staff scientists talk to customers about pain points and scan the world outside 3M to find out about new and emerging technologies, then think about how they can be applied to 3M products. These scientists have nailed the work-life balance; Johnston says they're cross-country skiiers, weight lifters, dancers, and these extracurriculars help the scientists be better at their jobs, since they're exposing themselves to various environments that could be fertile ground for innovative new products.

"One of the things I really enjoy about working at 3M is getting the chance to work with very intelligent people, which helps you come up come up with really cool ideas," he says. "It's extremely fun, rewarding and challenging."

Johnston also revels in the fact that 3M works on new technologies, such as the films in the iPhone display, in addition to improving older products, like the 100-year-old sandpaper industry.

Johnston has been at 3M since 1980, but his career's been exciting because there's always something new to explore and the culture is one of innovation. "We're compensated pretty well, we're technically trained and we're professionals," he says. "But the other thing is that as you're trained and you develop proficiency in science and engineering, you really have developed a capability that allows you to do almost anything. You develop the skillset of how to learn, which makes the process of learning easier, so you can be very adaptable. You can grow older and develop new interests. So getting that background literally opens the world to you, it really opens doors."

4. EA Environmental Scanner

Those EA golf games are pretty lifelike, huh? That's because it's someone's job to fly around the world and scan famous golf courses and arenas so they can be as real as possible. That someone is Shannon Yates, who's been an environmental modeler for 12 years, and has been working on Tiger Woods PGA Tour since 2008. For his work on the golf game, Yates spends up to eight days capturing thousands of high resolution photos and surveying an entire golf course using HDS (high definition survey) equipment, Cyclone and Scene. He logs as many as 150 scan locations on a golf course, which provides raw data that's within 6mm of accuracy.

After returning to the studio, Yates and team process and export the data to Maya, the 3D modeling application EA uses to create and texture the art you see and interact with in game. So don't take that lush grass for granted ? there's a lot of data in each blade, and you can thank Yates for it.

Yates says it's fun to stay on top of ever-improving technology, explaining that "each day presents new problems to solve and interaction with some of the most talented individuals in this industry." And because EA wants every release to be better than the last, modelers are encourages to innovate and test.

Then there's the travel. "Seeing the world, working in some of the most beautiful environments you can imagine and then seeing those same environments come to life in game ? What?s not to love?"

5. Tumblr Product Manager

Tumblr is home to 92.7 million blogs, which churn out 76,139,943 pieces of content per day and yield 20 billion monthly pageviews. The word "Tumblr" has pretty much become synonymous with "blog," and it takes a lot of work to keep a product like that top-notch. Renee Perron is project manager at Tumblr, where she helps the product engineering team complete their projects on time and with all the tools they need, so that Tumblr can become better and better. "What that involves is some QA, light coding, filing and assigning site bugs, helping to prioritize new features, working with outside partners, and lots of running around and asking people for favors," says Perron. She works in the project management system Atalassian JIRA, combs through Zendesk support tickets and makes small PHP changes to improve the Tumblr experience for its millions of users.

Perron earned a master's in Multimedia Journalism, and it was in that program where she learned her first bits of HTML and got involved in social media. Soon after, she started working for Tumblr Support, where she picked up more about the Internet and programming, and she recently started working for the product team.

"Besides working with a great team who all love what they do, the best thing about my job is the ability to learn while I'm working," she says. "I'm constantly picking up new skills (and hopefully new languages), and as long as I'm not afraid of taking something else on, there's always something new to do."

6. ESPN Statistician

Yes, you can make a living by knowing every detail about RBIs, third-down conversions and triple-doubles. That's right, if you've ever wondered how announcers come up with those totally obscure stats right after a play, the answer is that it's someone's job to research that data. It's also someone's job to figure out how to optimize plays by studying the numbers ? should we go for the two-point conversion? Should we switch up the pitcher now?

We've all seen Moneyball ? sports are games of data. That's why many teams have statisticians on-hand, and ESPN has an entire analyst group. Dean Oliver is one of the best analysts around, having helped to pioneer the statistical evaluation of basketball (a.k.a. APBRmetrics), which he explains in Basketball on Paper. "I build statistical tools to better understand sports, who is good, what tactics work, and how to put all the pieces together," explains Oliver, who uses statistics, engineering, economics and a good understanding of sports to create his models.

Oliver joined ESPN as director of production analytics in 2011 after spending several years with the Denver Nuggets and Seattle Supersonics, where he some programming language, statistical packages, databases and Excel to provide insights to management about trades, free agency, draft analysis and coaching issues. Oliver earned an Ph.D. from the University of North Carolina in 1994, having worked in environmental engineering, risk analysis and mathematical modeling.

Pay attention to Oliver's statistical models ? they could help you draft some killer sleepers for your fantasy team.

7. Spotify Machine Learning Engineer

Erik Bernhardsson is technical lead at Spotify, where he helped to build a music recommendation system based on large-scale machine learning algorithms, mainly matrix factorization of big matrices using Hadoop. He moved into this role after heading the Business Intelligence team, where he collected, aggregated and made sense of all the data at Spotify, whether that's ad-hoc insights, A/B testing, visualization or ad optimization.

Bernhardsson's roots at Spotify date back to 2008, when he interned for the company while writing his master's thesis on systems for automatic music recommendations (he was awarded master's thesis of the year by Naturvetarna, and we all know where that led).

8. Shapeways 3D Printing Materials Manager

William Wagner is a hybrid of a 3D Printing Engineer and a Materials manager. In short, he ensures that each customer's creations are produced as quickly as possible, and he also explores how new materials can be integrated into 3D printing (Shapeways prints in ceramic, steel and more) to enhance the technology. He's always looking to improve product quality and production efficiency.

"Additive manufacturing is a relatively new field, so the technology is still in a volatile state of evolution," explains Wagner.

"Additive manufacturing is a relatively new field, so the technology is still in a volatile state of evolution," explains Wagner. "My job is to find new uses for materials and finishes that will bring Additive products closer to traditionally manufactured alternatives. This often involves hacking into industrial 3D printers and getting my hands dirty messing with resins, molten metal, glass, and aerosol coatings. How cool is that?"

(Psst, Shapeways is hiring a 3D printing engineer and a product manager.)

9. Professional Hacker

David Parker is the Director of R&D at Novacoast, where he works in computer security, often dabbling in "James Bond-like projects." Penetration testing, which is also known as ethical hacking or white hat hacking, is the term used to describe what Parker does when anyone from banks to hospitals to educational institutions and government hires him to break into their systems as a malicious hacker or unhappy employee would. After breaking in, Parker and his team present a detailed report that "usually shocks the executives," and then he helps them remediate their security vulnerabilities and develop custom software to make their systems safer yet easy to use.

"It's always fun and a little scary when you get deep into an assessment and realize you're one flip of a switch away from printing bank checks, adding your coworker's mugshot into a police department database, or shutting down a state's primary gas pipeline," says Parker, who has a degree in computer science. "The job takes a good deal of curiousity, persistence, creativity, a strong technical background, understanding of the languages that computers and networks use to communicate with each other, and a bit of competitive spirit."

10. Legoland Designer

Who doesn't love playing with Legos? Now imagine putting your "architectural expertise" to work, building roller coasters for the Legoland. That's the job of Mandy Jouan, a model designer. She designs the Lego models that go into Legoland, California, the thrill-inducing nerd mecca.

Jouan graduated with a degree in sculpture, and took a few electrical design courses, which helps her integrate animations into the models. To build models, she uses several computer programs, such as Rhino, Photoshop and a proprietary program created specifically for master model builders to help her design Lego models (though she sometimes does it the old-fashioned way and draws ideas with pen and paper).

She says her favorite part of the job is taking a Lego model design from concept to finish. "It is incredibly rewarding being able to see it a final product that I designed out in the public making the guests smile and hopefully inspire them to be creative in their own lives," she explains.

Want to get your science on? Here are 10 must-follow science Tumblrs...

Image courtesy of Flickr, Atli Har?arson, LEGOLAND Florida, Merlin Entertainments Group, Brian Blanco, Denver Post, iStockphoto, sykono

Source: http://mashable.com/2013/02/05/10-awesome-stem-jobs/

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Obama picks outdoor retail exec to lead Interior

WASHINGTON (AP) ? President Barack Obama's choice for interior secretary is a lifelong outdoors enthusiast who likes to bike, ski and climb mountains.

As president and chief executive at Recreational Equipment Inc., Sally Jewell has applied her passion to her job, helping push REI to nearly $2 billion in annual revenues and a place on Fortune Magazine's list of "Best Places to Work."

Now Obama hopes to take advantage of Jewell's love for the outdoors and her business sense as she takes over at Interior, the federal department responsible for national parks and other public lands.

In announcing the nomination, Obama said Jewell has earned national recognition for her environmental stewardship at REI, which sells clothing and gear for outdoor enthusiasts. He also noted her experience as an engineer in oil fields and her fondness for mountain climbing.

The toughest part of Jewell's new job "will probably be sitting behind a desk," Obama said.

At a White House ceremony Wednesday, Obama said Jewell "knows the link between conservation and good jobs. She knows that there's no contradiction between being good stewards of the land and our economic progress ? that, in fact, those two things need to go hand and hand."

At REI, Jewell "has shown that a company with more than $1 billion in sales can do the right thing for our planet," Obama said. Last year, REI donated nearly $4 million to protect trails and parks, and 20 percent of the electricity used in the company's stores comes from renewable sources.

If confirmed by the Senate, Jewell, 56, would replace current Interior Secretary Ken Salazar, who has announced he will step down in March.

Jewell said she was "humbled and energized" at the prospect of leading Interior, which manages more than 500 million acres in national parks and other public lands, as well as more than 1 billion acres offshore. The department oversees energy, mining operations and recreation and provides services to 566 federally recognized Indian tribes.

"I have a great job at REI today, but there's no role that compares to the call to serve my country as secretary of the Department of Interior," she said.

Jewell was born in England but moved to the Seattle area before age 4. She has led Kent, Wash.-based REI since 2005. She served as chief operating officer for five years before taking the top job and worked for nearly two decades in commercial banking before that. She also has worked as an engineer for Mobil Oil Corp.

Jewell emerged as a frontrunner for the Interior post in recent days, edging out better-known Democrats such as former Washington Gov. Chris Gregoire and former Colorado Gov. Bill Ritter. The Interior job traditionally has gone to politicians from Western states. Salazar was a Colorado senator before taking over at Interior in 2009.

Jewell donated $5,000 to Obama's re-election effort and has supported other Democrats, campaign finance records show.

Jewell is the first woman Obama has nominated for his second-term Cabinet and a prominent representative from the business community, addressing two criticisms Obama has faced.

While relatively unknown in political circles, Jewell is no stranger to the White House. In 2011, she introduced Obama at a White House conference on the "America's Great Outdoors" initiative, noting that the $289 billion outdoor-recreation industry supports 6.5 million jobs. She also appeared at a 2009 White House event on health care.

Jewell, who won the Audubon Society's 2009 Rachel Carson Award for Environmental Conservation, was hailed by environmental and business groups alike.

Sierra Club executive director Michael Brune called her a champion in the effort to connect children with nature and said she has "a demonstrated commitment to preserving the higher purposes public lands hold for all Americans ? recreation, adventure, and enjoyment.

Tim Wigley, president of the Western Energy Alliance, which represents the oil and natural gas industry, said Jewell's experience as a petroleum engineer and business leader "will bring a unique perspective to an office that is key to our nation's energy portfolio."

Jewell, who is married with two grown children, was paid more than $2 million as REI's CEO in 2011. She contributed $5,000 to the Obama Victory Fund, a joint fundraising committee set up by Obama and the Democratic Party, according to federal election records. She has contributed to Rep. Rick Larsen, D-Wash., and a political action committee that supports Democrats.

Jewell also was on the board of directors of Avista Corp., a Spokane-based power utility, from 1997 through 2003. U.S. Securities and Exchange documents show that in her last full year as an Avista board member, Jewell held more than 15,600 shares in the utility and received $50,000 in director's fees.

In 2004, federal prosecutors charged that Avista played a role in a 2000 deal that allowed then-energy giant Enron to sell a $3 million turbine to the northwest utility firm. Prosecutors did not criminally charge Avista, but said the utility agreed to buy the turbine before a larger deal was completed ? a move that aided Enron in hiding the turbine deal from its auditors.

Avista was not criminally charged in the Enron indictment and none of the utility's officials, including Jewell, were cited in the charges.

___

Associated Press writers Jack Gillum and Stephen Braun in Washington and Rachel La Corte in Olympia, Wash., contributed to this report.

___

Follow Matthew Daly on Twitter: https://twitter.com/MatthewDalyWDC

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/obama-picks-outdoor-retail-exec-lead-interior-221204985--finance.html

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Stanford researcher sheds new light on the mysteries of spider silk

Stanford researcher sheds new light on the mysteries of spider silk [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 6-Feb-2013
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Contact: Andrew Myers
admyers@stanford.edu
650-736-2245
Stanford School of Engineering

Spectroscopy allows measuring elasticity without physical contact

As fibers go, there's never been anything quite like spider silk. Stretch it. Bend it. Soak it. Dry it out. Spider silk holds up. It is five times stronger than steel and can expand nearly a third greater than its original length and snap right back like new. Ounce-for-ounce spider silk is even stronger than Kevlar, the man-made fiber used in bulletproof vests.

It would be understandable to think that science knows all there is to know about the remarkable physics of spider silk, but the truth is far from that. Now, using a long-known-but-underutilized spectroscopy technique, a Stanford researcher has shed new light on the mysteries of spider silk.

On January 27, in a paper in the journal Nature Materials, post-doctoral scholar Kristie Koski described how she was able, for the first time, to non-invasively, non-destructively examine the mechanical properties of an intact, pristine spider web just as it was spun by the spider that created it. Koski is a researcher in the Yi Cui Group in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Stanford University and the first author of the study. The work was performed when she was a post-doc under Professor Jeff Yarger at Arizona State University.

The complete elastic response of spider silk is described by five elastic constants that define how the web reacts to any possible combination of forcespulling, twisting or shearing in any direction. All five have never been measured in a pristine spider web. At best, earlier studies have measured one or two of the five constants at a time and, even at that, only in isolated sections of a web. Structurally speaking, the old techniques are the equivalent of testing individual steel beams and cables and trying to extrapolate conclusions about the strength of a bridge.

Looking ahead, Koski believes that understanding the complete properties of a spider web exactly as it exists in nature is key to the engineering of improved "bio-inspired" materials that not only mimic, but also improve upon nature.

"My goal is to study the nanostructure of silk to understand not just how spider silk behaves as it does, but also why it behaves in such remarkable ways in hopes of someday creating better man-made fibers," said Koski.

Overlooked technique

The research was made possible by the use of a century-old-yet-overlooked measurement technique known as Brillouin spectroscopy. The technique shines laser light on the spider silks. The light produces sound waves in the silks, which, in turn, reflect some light back to the spectrometer. The researchers call the reflection "scattering."

"It is a bit like plucking the string of a violin, only we never have to physically touch the string to play it," said Koski.

The spectrometer measures small variations in the scattered light to ascertain the underlying tension of the silk being measured. The power of Brillouin scattering rests in the gentle way it gathers data enabling in situ measurements on spider webs, including mechanical properties at precise spots on the web such as silk intersections and glue spots.

Essentially, Koski and cohort have developed a non-invasive, non-destructive technique to measure the elasticity not just of individual strands of spider silk or even a few interconnected strands, as had those earlier studies, but of an entire intact spider web. Such exhaustive information was previously unobtainable with traditional stressstrain tests, which have to grip single strands or, at most, a few strands between two clamps to stretch them till they break.

"We don't have to touch the web to measure it," explained Koski.

The result is that Koski and collaborators are the first to quantify the complete linear elastic response of spider webs, testing for subtle variations in tension among discrete fibers, junctions, and glue spots for every type of deformation possible. It is a remarkable picture of the behavior of one of nature's most intriguing structures.

Surprises

Among the team's findings is that stiffness of a web is not uniform, but varies among isolated fibers, intersection points, and glue spots. For a structure formed supposedly of uniform spider silk, this was a bit of a surprise.

Evolutionarily, the researchers theorize this variation is advantageous to the spider in creating webs that are stiffer in some locations and more elastic in others. They think this might help the web withstand the elements and to better absorb the energy of captured prey.

Another surprise came when Koski looked at supercontraction. In high humiditywhen it rains or in the morning dewspider silk absorbs water, causing unrestrained fibers to shrink by as much as half, likely due to molecular disorganization caused by the water. It is a curious response for something so key to a spider's survivability and it has raised some debate in the scientific community as to why nature would have favored supercontraction.

Scientists have posited three explanations for supercontraction. First, some think it is a mechanical constraint inherent in the molecular structure of silk, not an evolutionarily evolved phenomenon and that it has no bearing on the performance of a web. It's just a fact of spider silk. The second theory is that supercontraction helps the spider tailor the silk as it is being spun to meet varying environmental and structural requirements. Or, lastly, that supercontraction helps tighten the web when it gets wet, preventing the heavy water droplets from dragging the web down and preventing the spider from catching any prey.

Until this paper, the last theory could not be tested because researchers had no way to probe complete webs. With their clever technique, Koski and team were able to measure the elastic response of silk during supercontraction. They found that the silk, which is essentially a matrix of restrained fibers, stiffens with 100% humidity, thus supporting the tightening web hypothesis.

The research also lends credence to the theory that supercontraction helps the spider tailor the properties of the silk during spinning by pulling and restraining the silk threads and adjusting the water content.

"The possibility of adjusting mechanical properties by simply adjusting water content is inspirational from a bio-inspired mechanical structure perspective and could lead in interesting research directions as we try to invent new fibers," said Koski.

###

This article was written by Andrew Myers, associate director of communications for the Stanford University School of Engineering.


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Stanford researcher sheds new light on the mysteries of spider silk [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 6-Feb-2013
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Contact: Andrew Myers
admyers@stanford.edu
650-736-2245
Stanford School of Engineering

Spectroscopy allows measuring elasticity without physical contact

As fibers go, there's never been anything quite like spider silk. Stretch it. Bend it. Soak it. Dry it out. Spider silk holds up. It is five times stronger than steel and can expand nearly a third greater than its original length and snap right back like new. Ounce-for-ounce spider silk is even stronger than Kevlar, the man-made fiber used in bulletproof vests.

It would be understandable to think that science knows all there is to know about the remarkable physics of spider silk, but the truth is far from that. Now, using a long-known-but-underutilized spectroscopy technique, a Stanford researcher has shed new light on the mysteries of spider silk.

On January 27, in a paper in the journal Nature Materials, post-doctoral scholar Kristie Koski described how she was able, for the first time, to non-invasively, non-destructively examine the mechanical properties of an intact, pristine spider web just as it was spun by the spider that created it. Koski is a researcher in the Yi Cui Group in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Stanford University and the first author of the study. The work was performed when she was a post-doc under Professor Jeff Yarger at Arizona State University.

The complete elastic response of spider silk is described by five elastic constants that define how the web reacts to any possible combination of forcespulling, twisting or shearing in any direction. All five have never been measured in a pristine spider web. At best, earlier studies have measured one or two of the five constants at a time and, even at that, only in isolated sections of a web. Structurally speaking, the old techniques are the equivalent of testing individual steel beams and cables and trying to extrapolate conclusions about the strength of a bridge.

Looking ahead, Koski believes that understanding the complete properties of a spider web exactly as it exists in nature is key to the engineering of improved "bio-inspired" materials that not only mimic, but also improve upon nature.

"My goal is to study the nanostructure of silk to understand not just how spider silk behaves as it does, but also why it behaves in such remarkable ways in hopes of someday creating better man-made fibers," said Koski.

Overlooked technique

The research was made possible by the use of a century-old-yet-overlooked measurement technique known as Brillouin spectroscopy. The technique shines laser light on the spider silks. The light produces sound waves in the silks, which, in turn, reflect some light back to the spectrometer. The researchers call the reflection "scattering."

"It is a bit like plucking the string of a violin, only we never have to physically touch the string to play it," said Koski.

The spectrometer measures small variations in the scattered light to ascertain the underlying tension of the silk being measured. The power of Brillouin scattering rests in the gentle way it gathers data enabling in situ measurements on spider webs, including mechanical properties at precise spots on the web such as silk intersections and glue spots.

Essentially, Koski and cohort have developed a non-invasive, non-destructive technique to measure the elasticity not just of individual strands of spider silk or even a few interconnected strands, as had those earlier studies, but of an entire intact spider web. Such exhaustive information was previously unobtainable with traditional stressstrain tests, which have to grip single strands or, at most, a few strands between two clamps to stretch them till they break.

"We don't have to touch the web to measure it," explained Koski.

The result is that Koski and collaborators are the first to quantify the complete linear elastic response of spider webs, testing for subtle variations in tension among discrete fibers, junctions, and glue spots for every type of deformation possible. It is a remarkable picture of the behavior of one of nature's most intriguing structures.

Surprises

Among the team's findings is that stiffness of a web is not uniform, but varies among isolated fibers, intersection points, and glue spots. For a structure formed supposedly of uniform spider silk, this was a bit of a surprise.

Evolutionarily, the researchers theorize this variation is advantageous to the spider in creating webs that are stiffer in some locations and more elastic in others. They think this might help the web withstand the elements and to better absorb the energy of captured prey.

Another surprise came when Koski looked at supercontraction. In high humiditywhen it rains or in the morning dewspider silk absorbs water, causing unrestrained fibers to shrink by as much as half, likely due to molecular disorganization caused by the water. It is a curious response for something so key to a spider's survivability and it has raised some debate in the scientific community as to why nature would have favored supercontraction.

Scientists have posited three explanations for supercontraction. First, some think it is a mechanical constraint inherent in the molecular structure of silk, not an evolutionarily evolved phenomenon and that it has no bearing on the performance of a web. It's just a fact of spider silk. The second theory is that supercontraction helps the spider tailor the silk as it is being spun to meet varying environmental and structural requirements. Or, lastly, that supercontraction helps tighten the web when it gets wet, preventing the heavy water droplets from dragging the web down and preventing the spider from catching any prey.

Until this paper, the last theory could not be tested because researchers had no way to probe complete webs. With their clever technique, Koski and team were able to measure the elastic response of silk during supercontraction. They found that the silk, which is essentially a matrix of restrained fibers, stiffens with 100% humidity, thus supporting the tightening web hypothesis.

The research also lends credence to the theory that supercontraction helps the spider tailor the properties of the silk during spinning by pulling and restraining the silk threads and adjusting the water content.

"The possibility of adjusting mechanical properties by simply adjusting water content is inspirational from a bio-inspired mechanical structure perspective and could lead in interesting research directions as we try to invent new fibers," said Koski.

###

This article was written by Andrew Myers, associate director of communications for the Stanford University School of Engineering.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-02/ssoe-srs020613.php

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